DIODE AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRONICS


   According to John Daltons, the atom of the atomic theory is the smallest particle of an element that is indivisible. Later, Bhor and Rutherford assigned a model for an atom and also altered the definition of an atom. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can be divisible.

The fundamental particles of an atom are electrons, protons, and neutrons. The electrons have a negative charge, the protons have a positive charge and the neutrons have a neutral charge.

The electrons present in the outermost part of an atom are called Valence electrons or free electrons. It is these Valence electrons or free electrons that plays an important role in determining the given substance as conductors, insulators, and semiconductors.

Semiconductors play an important role in the field of electrons. A semiconductor can be defined on the basis of its conductivity, resistivity, and atomic structure.

There are two types of semiconductors (a) intrinsic semiconductors (b) extrinsic semiconductors.
The current load capacity of a semiconductor is improved by adding impurities to a pure semiconductor.

The addition of impurities alters the chemical structure of the semiconductor and changes its current driving capacity. Depending on the type of impurity added to the extrinsic semiconductor it is of the following two types.
1. p-type semiconductors
2. n-type semiconductors

The process of adding impurities, their alteration of the chemical structure and the improvement of their current driving capacity is known as doping.

The impurity may be a trivalent impurity or a pentavalent impurity. The addition of trivalent impurities produces p-type semiconductors. The example of trivalent impurities is gallium (in No. 31) and Indian (No. 49). The addition of pentavalent impurities (eg, Arenic-At no.33 and antimony At no.51) produces n-type semiconductors. The current conduction in a semiconductor is by two types of charge carriers, electrons, and holes. The concept of hole current can be explained below.

 HOLE CURRENT


   At room temperature, some of the covalent bonds in a pure semiconductor are broken by configuring free electrons under the influence of the electric field, these free electrons constitute an electric current. At the same time, another current, the orifice current also flows into the semiconductor when a covalent bond breaks due to thermal energy, the removal of an electron leaves a vacancy that is an electron lost in the covalent bond.
This missing electron is called a hole that has a positive charge. For an electronic assembly, a free hole is created.

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